Geology of Jalpaiguri Essay Example For Students

Geography of Jalpaiguri Essay Geography of Jalpaiguri BY ndtpdz684868 2. 1 . Geography Jalpaiguri Districts for the most part secured with alluvium expect that a thin belt of hard rock is uncovered along the northern outskirt of the areas. The geographical arrangements found in the areas are provided underneath in the request for expanding relic. Later and Sub-Recent: Alluvium and different soils rock and individuals beds. Miocene: Siwaliks: Sandstone with dirt and lignite. Permian (Lower Gondwana):- Sandstone shape with Genes of Graphite coal. ?Pre-cambnan (Buxa arrangement): Gneiss, Schist, Slate and Quartzite grouped ferruginous rocks. Achaeans (Daling and Darjeeling): Gneiss, Schist, Slate and Quartzite. The north eastern piece of the regions frames the lower regions both of the Himalayan as where the height bit by bit increments from the alluvium plain to around 200 meters or more towards the delicate incline which gets apparent steep as the inside mountain ranges is moved toward where the landscape turns ou t to be incredibly unpleasant with worn out scarps. 2. 2. Phsiography The region is nearly not a level nation rather there are hilly zone in the North. The squares like Nagrakata, Malbazar, Kalchini and Metili are comprising of moderate alleviation design. The general slant of the locale is from north-west to south. Tea manor is for the most part found in sloping territory along the piece of Siwalik. In the fields Rice, Jute and Wheat are the principle crops. 2. 3. Atmosphere The atmosphere of landscape and duars is described by substantial moistness and overwhelming ppt, which is the A. M kind of koppens arrangement. After the most blazing day of summer, the onsoon twists from the Bay of Bengal keep on clearing along the teesta valley, getting overwhelming precipitation their woke. The virus season from mid-November as far as possible of February. This followed by the hot season from March to May. The period from June to about the start of October is the South West storm season. October to Mid-November establishes the post rainstorm season. The normal yearly precipitation in the locale is 3925. 1 m. m. The precipitation by and large increments from the southwest toward the upper east. About 79% of the precipitation is gotten during the south west rainstorm eason. In the last 50% of the late spring season and in October, the regions get some precipitation for the most part as thunder showers. July is commonly the rainiest month 2. 4. Soil Jalpaiguri region is totally secured with both alluvium with hard shakes uncovered along the northern fringe. When all is said in done the dirt is predominantly sandy soil and has low water holding limit, portrayed by low ripeness with low nitrogen and potassium, medium phosphate content. The filtering of salts under overwhelming precipitation conditions builds sharpness in the upper part of the surface soil.

The Spread Of Hellenism History Essay

The Spread Of Hellenism History Essay The Hellenistic Period dates between Alexander the Greats demise, in 323 BC, to the Roman addition of Egypt in 30 BC. Around then, Greek force and culture spread out to the world. Hellenism came about because of triumphs by Alexander the Great. Between 334 BC and 323 BC, Alexander had figured out how to assume control over the whole Persian Empire and to cut down its ruler, King Darius III. Alexanders domain secured portions of Europe, Africa and Asia. It included Egypt, Assyria, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Levant, Persia, Media and parts of present day Pakistan and Afghanistan (Heckel, 2008). While Hellenism was the consequence of Alexanders victories, it took off after his passing in 323 BC. This paper examines the beginnings and spread of Hellenism. Alexander was a child to Phillip II of Macedon. At the point when his dad kicked the bucket, Alexander fought with Greek city States against Macedon. He acquired his dads job as incomparable officer. After he had figured out how to unite Grecian City States, he re-propelled the war his dad had started against Persia. Alexander and his powers effortlessly moved over anything that remained in western Persia. He vanquished all regions towards the east of the Euphrates. Darius accumulated his soldiers in a last endeavor to recover his realm, and the two met at the Gaugamela plain (Stoneman, 2004). Heckel (2008) portrays that after effectively crossing both the Euphrates and Tigris waterways, Alexander encountered Darius troops. Their fight appeared to be very nearly an impasse, however Darius had the upside of numbers. Whenever Alexander found an opportunity, they assaulted Darius and he fled. Most Persians surrendered and Darius was slaughtered by his own men. Alexander at that point turned into the ruler of Macedonia, Persia and Greece. He was not fulfilled and set out toward India yet his powers cannot and he returned planning to proceed with his successes later on, however he experienced Malaria and kicked the bucket presently. Alexanders commandants vied for control of the domain and in the long run separated it into three sections; Greece/Macedonia, Pergamum/Asia Minor, West Asia and Egypt. This denoted the finish of Alexanders Era and the start of the Hellenistic Age. In the Hellenistic occasions, the Macedonians didn't just control the region. They likewise started a functioning exportation of Greek culture. Greek writing, governmental issues, craftsmanship writing and law discovered their way into Asia, Africa and Europe. The exportation of culture in such a scale was another wonder at that point. It prompted a solid impact of Greek culture on others that later developed in these territories. Greek culture had a job in molding Islam, Christian, Roman and Jewish societies. All through the new realm, Hellenization happened. Where Greek craftsmanship and engineering was presented, the Greek lifestyle and language were likewise embraced. The impact secured an enormous domain that reached out from Greece to India then Mongolia and further to states past the Oecumenas outskirts (Spielvogel, 2007). As indicated by Stoneman (2004), Greek culture and language spread as Alexanders armed forces advanced. The Romans on their part took up a lot of Greek culture. They protected and spread it to different regions of the world. At the point when Rome fell, Greek culture was kept and returned to during the Byzantine Empire years. It was additionally spread into the Arab world and transmitted toward the West during the Renaissance. Antiquated Greece in this manner affected on an assortment of subjects for example logical medication, arithmetic, writing, verse, language and theater. Engineering, governmental issues, history and theory in for all intents and purposes all aspects of the world increased a Greek trademark and names, for example, Hippocrates, Herodotus, Plato and Aristotle had new importance. The new confirmation of the Christian book of scriptures was meant Greek. Herodotus came to be considered similar to the dad of history. The ideas of majority rule government and reasoning were identified with researchers, for example, Plato and logical hypothesis was connected to Greek researchers. After Alexander passed on, the Hellenism time began completely. During the time, the known pieces of the world acknowledged and received Grecian standards and culture. Urban communities that were built up by Alexander turned into the focuses of exchange, government and culture. Greeks presented their theaters, sanctuaries and schools, because of which Greek culture was effortlessly sent out. As it were, a great part of the world grasped Greek culture and the Greek language took up another global status. Expressions and training were established on traditional Greek beliefs. They were along these lines described by thoughts of figures, for example, Aristotle. With Hellenization, there was additionally an otherworldly transformation and change in strict perspectives. With time, there was a decrease in the impact of Greek divine beings. This was supplanted by a solid impact from Eastern religion which prompted the advancement of the faction of Isis (Spielvogel, 2007). Stoneman (2004) clarifies that while Alexanders domain had extended quick, its destruction was significantly quicker. His passing was awkward, leaving no game plans for his progression. He in this manner left the realm in strife. Hellenisms complete decrease began as from 146 BC. In this year, Romans vanquished an enormous piece of territory Greece. It removed the whole antiquated Macedon and denoted the start of the Roman Empire. By 30 BC, even the Egyptian side of the Hellenistic realm had been taken over by Rome. This denoted the finish of Hellenistic human advancement. All in all, the demise of Alexander the incredible denoted a defining moment in world human advancement. His aspiration for power prompted the making of a huge realm that went through three landmasses. As the victories happened, Greek culture was transmitted to the regions. After his demise, the Hellenistic time frame began vigorously. For all intents and purposes each part of Greek culture was sent out and picked up unmistakable quality as far as impact. Resulting chronicled periods were portrayed by Greek parts of culture, both in curios and scholarly commitments.

The Concentration Of Media Ownership In Australia Guarantees Media

The Concentration Of Media Ownership In Australia Guarantees Media The Concentration Of Media Ownership In Australia Guarantees Media Bias. Discuss â€" Essay Example > introductionConcentration of media ownership or media consolidation, very clearly refers to the media outlets in majority. These are all those specified outlets that are owned by some highly specified corporations and conglomerates. In this paper I have discussed the relevance of the individual media industries that are also known widely as 'Media Institution'. In such cases the matter of media ownership as has been discussed over here refers to Australia of it respective media industry. In the paper the matter of discussion is also the importance of a low number of media conglomerates and the various relevant biases that Australia withstand. Media consolidation in AustraliaThe concept that has been carried in Australia regarding media ownership came into the activation air in the Broadcasting Services Act 1992. It was the wide ranged initiation and contribution made by ACMA, that is to say the Australian Communications and Media Authority. As it comes to the legal proceedings, An n Heinrichs finds that, Australia has been much privileged with a high concentration of media ownership than any other country in the world. As fort the functionality of each capital city in case of ownership of national and the newspapers, the whole idea gets dominated by two corporations in Australia. These are the powerful corporations called the Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation and John Fairfax Holdings. The dominance gets continued by the participation of West Australian Newspapers and the Harris Group work that come in association with these two corporations together to create Australian Associated Press. The contribution as forwarded by this combination, i.e. , Australian Associated Press is responsible to distribute all sorts of news that happens in the country. It got the ownership over all these news and as such sells it to all reliable outlets. Among all these outlets the most active source is the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. As stated by Bernard Goldberg, in h is Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News, the dominance of Australian Associated Press is so strong that all other privately owned media outlets are into the tug for the Pop culture news restricted within their own territory Even the Rural Press Limited is under the dominance of John Fairfax Holdings. Formed in 1996, the DMG Radio Australia has got the control over the commercial radio networks of Australia. The Howard Government, however pays less importance to the rules governing foreign ownership of Australian media and as such continues with the monopoly. In 2004, Reporters Without Borders, made an estimations that was rated by the limited diversity in media ownership of all the countries of the world have been done. Here Australia is in 41st position among all the countries in concern to Press Freedom (2004). It was really a matter of concern where the freedom of media gets so constrained by some dominance. media biasThe dominance of the very few authorita tive concerns has made Australian media kind of handicapped regarding its freedom. It is of great controversy that the media of Australia is in urgent need of reform and the monopoly has to be broken thereby. As forwarded by Mark Liberman, (2005-12-22) in ‘Linguistics, politics, mathematics. Language Log’; the reformation is the most important thing that the media in Australia demands to the point of impossibility though the matter is of great discussion yet there is no rigid step taken for the same. The continuous concentration over the monopolistic dominance of the press and mass media has led to a state of bias and manipulative demonstrations. The media in Australia is highly suffering from poor journalistic standards. There are many aspects that need strict reformation to build a self aware and more active participation of public associations. It is in high demand of concern and attention. The contribution regarding this biased state has been well demonstrated by the Brian White in 1975. According to Brian White

Public Policy Making in Zimbabwe - 2124 Words

For the past ten years, Zimbabwe has been riddled with economic stagnation as well as being the subject of political instability, thus that been the reason why many companies and countries have turned a blind eye as concerns investing. Once known as the bread basket of Africa, Zimbabwe has the ability to rise up again especially with the internationally accepted new government of Unity were the two major political parties, ZANU PF and MDC have come together to work as one for the betterment of the country and to fulfil the needs of the people. There has been little to no investment in Zimbabwe as many pulled out during the past decade. Foreign investment is when a company invests financially in a country abroad, whether in the form of†¦show more content†¦With well paid doctors and health personnel the country could avoid crises like the cholera outbreak in 2008 and ensure a safe physical environment. In all this however, Zimbabwe’s government has made efforts to improve foreign investment. They have created foreign trade zones and processing ports. Benefits include 5 year tax holiday, duty free importation of raw materials and capital equipment for use in the EPZ. There is a requirement to export 80% of production in these zones however so this makes the offer less attractive to foreign investors. The government should consider reducing the stipulation in order to attract more investors. After the formation of the Government of National Unity, there was increased support from the international world on how to come up with a sound political framework and policy formulation that could encourage foreign investors, and true to form, the two parties have been trying to work with each other so as to do so. South Africa and Botswana, although closer to home than the usual British and American investors, have already started investing in the mining and farming sectors, with notable billionaires such as Patrice Motsepe of South Africa playing a crucial part in the field. The goals business sector itself is pushing for: 1. Transparency in business and transactions 2. Sustainable taxes for investors 3. Regulatory laws that also work favourably for foreigners 4.Show MoreRelatedPublic Policy Making in Zimbabwe2115 Words   |  9 PagesFor the past ten years, Zimbabwe has been riddled with economic stagnation as well as being the subject of political instability, thus that been the reason  why many companies and countries have turned a blind eye as concerns investing. 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Ursula LeGuins The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas Essay

Ursula LeGuins The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas Utopia is any state, condition, or place of ideal perfection. In Ursula LeGuins short story The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas the city of Omelas is described as a utopia. The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas presents a challenge of conscience for anyone who chooses to live in Omelas. Omelas is described by the narrator as the story begins. The city appears to be very likable. At times the narrator does not know the truth and therefore guesses what could be, presenting these guesses as often essential detail. The narrator also lets the reader mold the city. The narrator states the technology Omelas could have and then says or they could have none of that: it doesnt†¦show more content†¦But there are some who walk away from Omelas. These are few, but they are the ones that have guilt. They could not live in a place, no matter how perfect, that thrives off a childs torment. All of the narrators questions invite the reader to place ;himself in the position of the people of Omelas. Do you need this to make you happy? Then you may have it. Once the reader begins to enjoy the city and begins to see its happiness as a good thing, then the reader, like the adolescents in the story, must be shown that on which the happiness depends. Readers must face the question of what they would be willing to sacrifice for happiness. In Omelas, the people have no guilt so they are able to sacrifice the child for their happiness with no remorse because they are happy. The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas is an attempt to explain the problem of evil. Collins writes the narrative justifies or makes sense of a painful aspect of theodicy(527). The question of the problem of evil is summed up in three statements: God is good, God is omnipotent and omniscient, and there is evil. The existence of evil is usually accepted as a given. 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The amount of background knowledge needed to understand a meme may not be the first thing you think about when

How does Human Activities have an Effect on Climate Change Free Essays

â€Å"Humans are almost entirely the cause† of climate change, according to a scientist who once doubted that global warming even existed. As many scientists and physicists across the world believe that human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in Earth’s atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols (small particles), and cloudiness. A recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that the largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Human Activities have an Effect on Climate Change? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Greenhouse gases and aerosols affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared (thermal) radiation that are part of Earth’s energy balance. Furthermore, changing the atmospheric abundance or properties of these gases and particles can lead to a warming or cooling of the climate system. Since the start of the industrial era (about 1750), the overall effect of human activities on climate has been a warming influence. The human impact on climate during this era greatly exceeds that due to known changes in natural processes, such as solar changes and volcanic eruption. As a result it is clear why climate change has such a big impact on our planet and what it has in store for our future as well. It is caused by many reasons as stated above, with supporting evidence it no doubt that climate change is becoming serious as time passes. Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the greenhouse effect. Certain gases in the atmosphere block heat from escaping. Long-lived gases, remaining semi-permanently in the atmosphere, which do not respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature, are described as â€Å"forcing† climate change whereas gases, such as water, which respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are seen as â€Å"feedbacks. Many of these gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons. The role of humans play a very important role in climate change, in its recently released a recent report called, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which states, a group of 1,300 independent scientific experts from countries all over the world under the auspices of the United Nations, concluded there’s a more than 90 percent probability that human activities over the past 2 50 years have warmed our planet. Furthermore, it concludes that the industrial activities that our modern civilization depends upon have raised atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the last 150 years. The panel also concluded there’s a better than 90 percent probability that human-produced greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have caused much of the observed increase in Earth’s temperatures over the past 50 years. They said the rate of increase in global warming due to these gases is very likely to be unprecedented within the past 10,000 years or more. Scientists have blamed human activities such as causing a negative effect on the planets natural resources such as increasing amount of greenhouse gases releasing into the atmosphere, burning more unnatural sources, and cutting down more forests. As a result, restricting the use of unnecessary resources and contributing to a cleaner process. Many reports state that when humans burn gasoline, coal, natural gas, and other common fuels to make electricity or drive cars, they release a substantial amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. For every gallon (or liter) of gasoline your car burns, 1300 times that volume of CO2 is released (a gallon of gas weighs about 6 pounds or 2. 8 kilograms, but the released CO2 would weigh over 19 pounds or 8. 75 kilograms). Greenhouse gases are emitted from power plants and cars, but also from landfills, from farms and cleared forests, and through other subtle processes. Many contributions and research have proven many of this facts one of them is the use of modeling with the aid of computers. To prove the case that climate change is mostly caused by humans, scientists had to take into account other factors: complicated atmospheric physics, the interactions between air and land and between air and water, changing amounts of ice and of desert and forest, and the natural processes that have changed the climate for 4. 54 billion years. To do all this, scientists recreate the crime scene. Because there’s only one Earth, they do that with computers. Climate scientists use powerful computers to construct models based on physics of the climate system. These models enable scientists to make predictions and test hypotheses about what processes affect the climate. These models are based on the fundamental of science, many of them include thermodynamic principles, orbital dynamics, and the balance of heat entering and leaving the atmosphere. Scientists can do experiments with these models that they can’t do on the planet. They can set the atmosphere to match conditions a century ago, and see whether the model’s predictions match what scientists measured at the time. And they can set the models to match conditions millions of years ago, to better understand how past climate changed. This allows them to verify that the models are accurate and to fine-tune the output. They can also remove the effects of human activities from the models, and see how much of the climate change they observe is still predicted by the models. As a result, there is very little time on what necessary steps must be taken in order to decrease the climate change and stabilize the amount of greenhouse gases omitted into the atmosphere. Certain gases in the atmosphere block heat from escaping therefore are resulting in an increase on the rate of global warming throughout the planet Climate scientists use powerful computers to construct models based on physics of the climate system. These models enable scientists to make predictions and test hypotheses about what processes affect the climate. Many hard proved evidence point to only one reason, which is towards human activities, resulting in a negative effect throughout the Earth’s atmosphere causing many disasters, climate change, raise in sea levels, and most importantly a threat to the human race, and other life forms. How to cite How does Human Activities have an Effect on Climate Change?, Papers

NAVIGATING A SUCCESSFUL PROPOSAL PROCESS PART 3 OF 3 - The Writers For Hire

NAVIGATING A SUCCESSFUL PROPOSAL PROCESS: PART 3 OF 3 The Proposal Team Kick-Off Before your team meets, distribute the RFP to all members. Instruct them to read it from cover to cover and come to the meeting with questions. After all, you’re not the only one who should be preparing. 2. Choose the proposal management software If the proposal is extensive and/or requires many different hands, you’ll want to consider software to help you manage the process. Your company may already use a certain project management program. But be aware that there are software applications designed specifically for answering RFPs. Capterra, a website with the byline â€Å"The Smart Way to Find Business Software† has compiled a list called Top Proposal Management Software Products. It includes the names, reviews (when available), and links to the websites for 95 web-based and installed applications. The list offers the capability filter your choices and select and compare products. You will likely not have the time to weigh all these choices before your kickoff, but keep in mind that there are many tools available to help you. It would be well worth your time to research these options before an RFP crosses your desk if your company is considering bidding on any proposals in the future 3. Decide how the various sections and related documents will be reviewed Will you simply email drafts and versions to your team? If the proposal is small enough, this might be sufficient. But for complex projects, consider document management software such as SharePoint ® or a repository such as Google Docs where contributors can add and review content. Of the 95 proposal management software products listed on Capterra, 42 include a content repository and document management. 4. Go through the RFP again Make a list of every project deliverable. Outline the terms used in the RFP that may need clarification with your team. The RFP may have a glossary of terms, but there may be other jargon in the RFP that is unique to its issuer. 5. Create a spreadsheet that lists every deliverable in the RFP Even if you have RFP project management software, the experts we consulted still recommend a good old-fashioned master spreadsheet. A spreadsheet offers an at-a-glance overview of what you’ll need to produce and shows team members the status of each action item. Plus, even the most tech-averse on your team will usually be comfortable with spreadsheets. â€Å"Include columns where a name or names will be placed beside every deliverable,† says Carey Miller, a professional writer who has project managed dozens of RFPs. â€Å"Add column heads for project milestones, due dates, and reviewers for the initial drafts as well as reviewers for the final package.† Please feel free to use our spreadsheet template to get you started. Conducting the Kick-Off Meeting Your team members must be absolutely clear about their roles, deliverables, and deadlines when they leave the first meeting. It’s also critical that you cover certain rules of the game, so they’ll understand the company’s RFP process and some best practices in proposal writing. Cover the topics that follow for a successful meeting. 1. Address the team members' questions about the RFP When you circulated the RFP, you asked that team members come prepared with their questions about the RFP. Address those questions up front so that they’re not interfering with people’s concentration during the other meeting topics. 2. Assign team members their roles As each team member is assigned a role, clarify the responsibilities associated with that role. 3. Place a name or names in the column besides each deliverable Go over the spreadsheet, one deliverable at a time. Determine whether the Subject Matter Expert (SME) will write it or if someone else will write the section using information provided by the SME. Miller notes that the writer should be clear about the point person for information: â€Å"With an unusually complex proposal, there may be several point persons for various sections.† 4. Establish the reviewer for each section The reviewer’s name may appear in multiple rows, depending on how many deliverables are in a section and how many sections that reviewer is qualified to review. Hewitt stresses, â€Å"Designate reviewer(s) for the various sections and the reviewers for the packaged proposal. The drafts can be reviewed by multiple SMEs; the finished package should be reviewed by only a small set of key players.† 5. Establish a timeline In Winning Library Grants, A Game Plan, Herbert B. Landau writes, â€Å"To ensure that the deadline will be met, I start with the proposal delivery date and work backwards to the present.† \ Build in a pad in case something unexpected results in a project slowdown. Landau also suggests, â€Å"To allow for all contingencies, set the date to have the complete proposal, including all forms, the narrative, the budget, and all attachments, at least four days before the day the proposal must be submitted.† Include each of the following milestones in your timeline: The completion date for the initial draft of each section or part thereof (according to the list of deliverables) The completion date for the initial review by one or more SMEs The completion date for incorporating the requested changes into the initial draft The completion dates for any additional review cycles The required submission date for the budget numbers and any attachments The completion date of the draft of the packaged proposal The completion date of the package review The completion date for incorporating review revisions The completion date of the final proofreading (ideally set at four or more days before proposal delivery) Tip: Build in as much time as possible for the proposal writer to organize and format the information, write the executive summary and conclusion, ensure that everything in the RFP has been addressed, incorporate the required dollar amounts, and ensure that the proposal reads as though one person wrote it. If there is a particularly tight deadline for proposal submission, consider insisting on very tight deadlines for reviews. 6. Distribute and discuss your list of terms in the RFP and their definitions as they apply to the contract This will ensure that, in echoing the lingo of the RFP, the terms will be accurately and consistently applied by your team. 7. Explain how documents will be reviewed and progress tracked As the leader of this meeting you should have a clear idea from your pre-meeting planning as to how these processes will flow. 8. Discuss lessons learned Consider including a brief review of lessons learned by previous proposal teams. You may have conducted lessons-learned reviews following other proposals, but, depending on how long it’s been or whether there are members who didn’t participate on those teams, it may be helpful to review a few of them now. CONGRATULATIONS! You have successfully put the proposal process in motion. You have scrutinized and absorbed the RFP, captured the requirements, consulted various key players, anticipated and worked through potential roadblocks, made critical project management decisions, initiated a team, and put the team in motion.

Affection and sexuality Essay Example

Affection and sexuality Essay Example Affection and sexuality Essay Affection and sexuality Essay Essay Topic: The Second Sex Abused and neglected children have a more complex development than a normal child. There are two types of parent-child relationship that affects the development of abused and neglected children: conflict and neglect, and physical or sexual abuse. For the first type, the children develop impaired bonding, emotional deprivation and role reversal. For the second type, children develop impaired decision-making skills and imbalanced differentiation between affection and sexuality. Throughout the developmental stages from pregnancy and birth to the child’s growing up years, the parental and societal culture that the child needs to live up with brings conflicting values and meanings the child misinterprets and uses wrongly. During pregnancy and birth, the development is stunted because of the neglect of parents on the basic developmental needs of their child such as being cared for. The primary problem with an abusive parent is the desire for control. And because bringing a child into the world may cause disillusionment since they focus on how the child will love them not the other way around, the strain starts in the relationship. Aside from the mother’s changes in her perceptions and worldviews brought about by childbirth, the father also experiences the same changes. This can affect the relationship between the parents, which can affect that of the child’s relationship with his parents. Without a support system, parents fail to realize the much needed models for emulation of parenthood. Because these parents are so caught up with their expectations and needs, they tend to ignore or fail to realize the needs of their children, resulting to the child’s stunted development. The child’s ability to adapt and cope with his environment is based on how his environment treats him. Children learn by emulating what they see and if their environment is neglectful, then they will fail to develop the necessary qualities that will help them develop into better beings in the future. Abuse and neglect impede in necessary development of the child.

Causes, Effects, Risks, and the Future of Global Warming

Causes, Effects, Risks, and the Future of Global Warming Scientists have determined that a number of human activities are contributing to global warming by adding excessive amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide accumulate in the atmosphere and trap heat that normally would exit into outer space. Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change While many greenhouse gases occur naturally and are needed to create the greenhouse effect that keeps the Earth warm enough to support life, human use of fossil fuels is the main source of excess greenhouse gases. By driving cars, using electricity from coal-fired power plants, or heating our homes with oil or natural gas, we release carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere. Deforestation is another significant source of greenhouse gases, as exposed soils release carbon dioxide, and fewer trees mean  less carbon dioxide conversion to oxygen. The production of cement involves a chemical reaction responsible for a surprisingly large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere every year. During the 150 years of the industrial age, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by 31 percent. Over the same period, the level of atmospheric methane, another important greenhouse gas, has risen by 151 percent, mostly from agricultural activities such as raising cattle and growing rice. Methane leaks at natural gas wells are another major contributor to climate change. There are steps we can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in our life, encourage carbon emission reduction programs, methane emission reduction laws, and we can support global climate change mitigation projects. Can Natural Sun Cycles Explain Global Climate Change? In short, no. There are variations in the amount of energy we receive from the sun due to factors like orbital patterns and sunspots, but none which can explain the current warming, according to the IPCC. Direct Effects of Global Climate Change Many of the effects of climate change can be tied directly to some very important changes in our atmosphere Because of important gas and heat transfers between the atmosphere and sea water, a suite of: changes in the oceans ave been observedThe frozen parts of the Earth are especially vulnerable to climate change. The latest IPCC report explained the impacts on the worlds polar ice caps, glaciers, and permafrost The Consequences of Global Warming The increase in trapped heat changes the climate and alters weather patterns, which may change the timing of seasonal natural events, and the  frequency of extreme weather events. Polar ice is vanishing, and  sea levels are rising, causing coastal flooding. Climate change leads to  food security, and even national security, concerns. Agricultural practices have been affected, including the production of maple syrup. There are also health consequences to climate change. Warmer winters allow for range expansions of white-tailed deer and deer ticks, increasing the incidence of Lyme disease. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Team Building Course Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Team Building Course - Research Paper Example It must be noted here that the company is striving hard to achieve HSE standards. The staff of the planning division of Abu Dhabi Oil Company underwent a team building course to develop its work force into a team with a focused aim. The course was conducted at Abu Dhabi on 30th and 31st of November 2012. Scientifically designed managerial approach was followed to develop the work force as a good team. In order to achieve this larger objective, the course initially explored the key strengths and potential of the team. The areas where the team has to focus in terms of further development of the company were highlighted in the course. However, it is very important to identify the obstacles that current team faces in terms of having focused objectives and working towards achieving them. It is very important to overcome these blocks so that the company and the team could grow further. It becomes the responsibility of the planning division to develop strategies in order to tackle these cha llenges. These four key areas were thoroughly assessed as a blueprint of the current status of the team was created. This motivated the team to a large extent and also provided clear insight on areas of intervention and also on the organizational weaknesses. A brainstorming on each team member’s understanding of the team was conducted. This process revealed the attitude that the team members had towards the department. The team members came up with the feeling that the planning division is the Heart and Brain of ADNOC. Several strengths and characteristics of the department were highlighted. The team was found to be well connected, multi disciplined, balanced in gender, well experienced, and diverse. The inevitable role of the planning division in supporting the management with strategic inputs, training support, decision making support and technical and commercial monitoring was confirmed and highlighted. The brainstorming also brought out the strength of the database that t he division provides to support the company. It was identified that the team dynamics of the team lied somewhere between storming and norming phase. The strengths of the team were clearly defined. This motivated the team members to a large extend. Some of the important strengths of the team which were identified were its cooperative and coordinative nature, its foreseeing and analytical capacity. The communicative precision of the division along with its hardworking nature and self motivation were specially highlighted during the course. The team’s capacity to serve as the data source for all the other divisions of the company was identified as one of its very distinguishable strengths. The planning division acts as the focal point for every other activity of the company. This, however, prevails as the strength of the division. A major step in developing the performance of the team and improving its efficiency is formulating strategies in overcoming those blocks which hinder the perusal of organizational objectives. One of the major lacunas in the operational effectiveness of the team was pointed out to be the increased delivery time on information. It was identified that this increased the time required for the completion of a particular activity, which resultantly altered the whole action plan. A contrary opinion on the motivation level in relation with the team being referred as a well motivated

Ad Proposal for Apple 2014 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ad Proposal for Apple 2014 - Research Paper Example He was awarded the Lange-Tailor Prize in 2009, and best Magazine Writing from the Society for Professional Journalists (Christian Parenti.com). Parenti’s book â€Å"the tropic of chaos† is the result of his immense research and hard work. It took him six long years to produce this outstanding work of art. Parenti travelled to various slums, countries that were at war and countries that were affected with scarcity of food and water shortages. In the book â€Å"Tropic of chaos,† the writer shows his concern of how climate change results in ruining our ecological civilization. The author discusses the region, which lie between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Parenti’s focus is on East Africa, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Kenya, Kyrgystan, Brazil, Mexico. These regions according to him are: â€Å"a belt of economically and politically battered post-colonial states girding the planet’s mid-lattitudes†(Parenti, 9). He labels thes e countries as â€Å"Tropic of chaos† because these countries are facing what he calls a â€Å"Catastrophic convergence of poverty, violence and climate change† (Parenti, 5), which means that climate change is not only causing water and food scarcity but also giving birth to violence in the regions. According to the writer, these countries are too sensitive to shifts in weather changes because they rely on farming and fishing. The writer explains how that the Global North has reacted to this impending crisis with greater oppression and surveillance instead of finding friendly ways to reduce tensions. In short, between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn, we mostly find â€Å"most of the failed and semi failed states of the developing world.† (Parenti, 9). Hence, the crisis is taking a toll because the Global South is getting involved in warfare to attain there basic needs. The author begins his narrative by asking, â€Å"who is responsible for killing Ekaru Loruman?† Ekaru Loruman was from Kenya, belonged to a Turkana tribe, and was killed by a rival tribe for stealing cattle, or what the author explains as â€Å"the age old tradition of stock theft† (Democracy now). Moreover, the reason for these frequent killings is that the country is experiencing severe drought and the Turkana Pastoralists are forced to stealing cattle because their animals die due to scarcity of water, so they have to take laws in their own hands, as there are no proper government rules regarding this issue. Here, the author is pointing to an important issue of how the ugly U.S. policies have given rise to everyday violence in these countries. Moreover, the answer to all Parenti’s questions can be answered only if we go back in time when the British rules Africa. History tells us that British during their rule have adopted harsh methods to stop violence. Since that time the violence has never stopped. He gives examples of countries like S omalia, a failed state, which was attacked and demolished by Cold war. After the downfall of the Somalian government, the weapons were transferred to Kenya which resulted in more violence and killings in the form of cattle raids. Moreover, as Kenya does not run any support programs for farmers, this has given rise to more corruption because the farmers have only weapons to defend and protect themselves. The worst part is that when the Somalian refugees reach Kenya, most of the women are being raped and tortured and the sad part is that it is usually the brother who is ordered to rape her sister and if he denies he gets killed. In addition, when the refugees cross the border and reach Kenya they are unable to make a living because Kenyan government is unable to support millions of Somalians who are living in camps. Pakistan is

Determination of coefficient of expansion of air

Determination of coefficient of expansion of air INTRODUCTION This experiment is based on investigating the coefficient of expansion of air using a simple laboratory set up; the stopper flask method, where pressure is constant throughout the experiment. The increase in volume of a gas is directly proportional its temperature increase and is expressed as a fractional changed in dimensions per unit temperature change. Air will easily expand when it is heated and contract when it is cooled. The aim of the experiment was to: * Determine the coefficient of expansion of air using a stoppered flask method. The flask was stoppered and a thick tube allowed interactions with the outside. The flask was heated in a beaker (with water) and then transferred immediately to cold water where the cold water was allowed to enter and air within the flask decreased. The initial and final volumes of air and water was calculated (directly or indirectly whichever appropriate) and the coefficient was calculated from these. The experiment in its design allowed the calculation of the coefficient of expansion of air to be 3.22 * 10-3 K-1. This was calculated at a temperature of 24oC and pressure of 1 atm, which gives a good approximation compared to the theoretical value of 3.37 * 10-3 at a temperature of 24 oC (297 K). THEORY Dooley (1919) indicates that gases are said to be perfectly elastic because they have no elastic limit and expand and contract alike under the action of heat. That is to say, every substance when in the gaseous state and not near its point of liquefaction has the same coefficient of expansion, this coefficient being 1/273 of its volume for each degree Centigrade. He further goes on to say that since a gas contracts 1/273 part of its volume when its temperature is lowered 1 ° C, such a rate of contraction would theoretically reduce its volume to zero at a temperature of 273 ° C. Since all gases reach their liquefying point before this low temperature is attained, however, no such contraction exists. At the same time, it may be said that if heat is considered as a motion of the molecules of a substance, that motion is to be considered as having ceased when the temperature has reached 273 ° C. This is the expansion coefficient of an ideal gas. GAY LUSSACS LAW Madan (2008: 81) indicates that the coefficient of expansion of a substance at any given temperature, t, is the small fraction of its volume by which one cubic centimeter of the substance will increase when heated from to. * Gases are affected by changes of temperature in the same general way as liquids and solids, expanding when heated and contracting when cooled. * For a given change in temperature, they change in volume to a far greater extent than either liquids or solids. * All gases, at temperatures considerably above their liquefying points, have practically the same coefficient of expansion. This was first observed by Gay Lussac and Charles, and is a very remarkable one, and a great contrast to what has been noticed in the case of solids and liquids, each of which has its own special coefficient of expansion, often differing widely from those of others. EXPANSION AGAINST CONSTANT PRESSURE Atkins (2006: p35) indicates that: By definition: At constant pressure: This indicates that the work done is actually the difference between the final and initial volumes multiplied a unit of pressure (which is constant). Once can say therefore that a gas expands (independent of pressure) but dependant on temperature as given by: METHOD Method as per hand out, however, a small beaker with water was used to heat the flask and atmospheric pressure was used instead of reading the barometric height (which was not available). MATERIALS/APPARATUS  · Conical Flask (100 mL)  · Rubber Stopper  · Metal Clip  · Short Glass Tube  · Heater  · Beakers (500 mL) 2  · Thick Walled Rubber Tube  · Thermometer (0 100oC)  · Electric Balance Weight of flask + fittings 136.4 + 0.1 g Weight of flask + fitting + water sucked in 168.6 + 0.1 g Weight of water sucked in 032.2 + 0.1 g Weight of flask + fittings + full water 279.8 + 0.1 g Weight of full water 143.4 + 0.1 g Temperature of boiling water 103.0 + 0.1 oC Temperature of cold water 024.0 + 0.1 oC Atmospheric Pressure 1.00 atm Volume of gas @ 103.0 oC 143.4 + 0.1 cm3 Volume of gas @ 24.0 oC 111.2 + 0.1 cm3 DISCUSSION The experiment investigated the coefficient of expansion of air. This value was found to be 3.22 * 10-3 experimentally. One would infer, at first glance, that the volume of air initially would have been the volume of the flask (100 mL), as the volume of a gas is the actual volume of the container. But why was the mass of the beaker found (filled with cold water)? Was it to give a better estimation of the volume of the air? By finding the volume using the density of water, it was found to be 143.2 cm3 which is a large difference compared to the 100 mL of the flask. Then one realized that the flask was filled to the top close to the stopper itself, and therefore assuming that the volume of air was 100mL would have been a grave mistake and calculating the volume by density was the best and accurate method to use. The experiment relies on the fact that the volume of a substance, in this case, air, is dependent on the temperature of the system. The flask (opened) was heated in boiling water, this was indirect heating of the flask, it allowed the inside of the flask to be dry and consequently allowed the air to be dry. In addition, by heating the flask in boiling water, the temperature of the air inside the flask increased as well (according to the zeroth law of thermodynamics), indicating that there will be some form of thermal equilibrium. At this point, the initial volume and temperature of the air will be obtained. The tube was closed with a clip and placed in the water at a lower temperature. The question that arises at this point is why was the clip closed? A logical assumption is that to disallow further interaction between the atmospheric air (at a lower temperature) and the flasks air (at a higher temperature), also one can say that because of the temperature gradient, their will want to escape and in so doing create a thermal equilibrium between the two. The water was allowed to enter, to replace the air and thus the volume of air decreased. This method was unique in its design that it used a backward approach. Rather than obtaining the expansion of air from a lower to a higher temperature, it measured the contraction of the air from a higher to a lower temperature. In the end, the initial and final volumes and temperatures of the air being considered were obtained, and thus the coefficient was able to be calculated. SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPANSION COEFFICIENT The value ascertained experimentally was 3.22 * 10-3. This can be termed a fractional change as it is very small (0.001th of a value 3.22). It can be inferred that this fractional change affects the volume of the sample when a rise in temperature occurs. It means therefore, that for every change in temperature from to to (t+1)o, the volume of air in one cm3 of air will increase by 3.22 * 10-3 at 1 atm (experimental condition). A small value of ÃŽÂ ±, indicated by Atkins (2006) implies that it responds weakly to changes in temperature i.e. the air responds weakly to changes in temperature which is important in life itself, as air responding strongly to temperature changes would be hazardous to our health, and may even result in cardiac arrests with sudden decreases in temperature (during winter time in north America and Europe among other places) and where there are heat surges. COMPARING EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT The theoretical value of the expansion coefficient should be, since. The deviation is (3.37 * 10-3- 3.22 * 10-3) = 1.5 * 10-2. This deviation represented almost 4.66% of the theoretical value! What can account for this deviation? It all leads to experimental errors, since pressure is constant. Obviously, by looking at the formula, the process of obtaining the final and initial volumes and temperatures will have an effect on the expansion coefficient. The volume of water sucked in may not have been at maximum due to hindrances in the tubing attached to the flask, or the water was not allowed to go in as fast as it should. Also, one can consider that the density of water used to calculate the volume of air after the water had been sucked in may have been different and hence affected the calculated the volume). All of these can contribute uncertainties to the coefficient of expansion and can be used to explain the difference observed. SOURCES OF ERRORS * The difference between the experimental and established values is therefore attributed to factors such as temperature, volume, and the accuracy at which these values were obtained as described above. * The density of water probably affected the results when it was used to calculate the final volume of air and initial volumes of air. * Within the limits of experimental error, the value ascertained was close to the theoretical value with only about 5% deviation. * The volumes and temperatures had uncertainties of + n, where n represented the volume and temperature. The final result of the coefficient had an uncertainty of 0.41%. LIMITATIONS * The method did not allow the calculations of the volumes and temperatures directly but indirectly. A direct method, if possible, would have contributed to a more accurate value of the coefficient of expansion. * The experiments were not repeated to ascertain different values of the volumes and temperatures. Averaging the values would have allowed a more accurate value of the temperatures and volumes and by extension the coefficient of expansion. ASSUMPTIONS * It was assumed that air was ideal in nature and followed the ideal gas equation. Introduction of van der waals coefficient would have proved to be more tedious in calculating the coefficient of expansion of air. * It was assumed that the volume of dry air in the flask was the volume of the water in cm3. As mentioned previously, the water was filled to the top of the flask (close to the stopper), and assuming 100mL would have been grossly inadequate contributing to more uncertainties and thus a more inaccurate value of the expansion coefficient. * It was assumed that rate at which the temperature and volume decreased when the flask was placed in the water allowed the expansion coefficient to be ascertained. This was very important, as it implied that the temperature affected the expansion and or contraction of air and water which ultimately enabled the calculation of the coefficient. CONCLUSION With reference to the aim, it can be concluded that the experiment in its design allowed the calculation of the coefficient of expansion of air to be 3.22 * 10-3 K-1. This was calculated at a temperature of 24oC and pressure of 1 atm. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anand, A and Negi, S. A Textbook of Physical Chemistry. USA: John Wiley Sons, 1985. Atkins, Peter and De Paula, Julio. 2006. Physical Chemistry 8th Edition. USA : W. H Freeman Company, 2006. Castellan and Gilbert. 1983. Physical Chemistry 3rd Edition. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1983. Chirlian and L.E. Chemistry 103 Home Page. Department of Chemistry 103. [Online] [Cited: November 7, 2009.] http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Chem/Chem103lc/chem103.html. Daley, Henry and OMalley, Robert. 1988. Problems in Chemistry 2nd Edition. USA: CRC, 1988. Dooley, William. Applied Science for Metal Workers. USA: Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2008. Flowers and James. 2004. Cracking the MCAT with CD-ROM. USA: Princeton Review, 2004. Haven, Mary, Tetrault, Gregory A and Schenken, Jerald R. 1994. Laboratory Instrumentation 4th Edition. USA: Wiley, 1994. Kaufman, Myron. 2002. Principles of thermodynamics . USA: CRC, 2002. Lide, David. 1993. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 74th Edition. USA: CRC, 1993. Madan, G.H. An Elementary Treatise on Heat. USA: Law Press, 2008. Mortimer, Roger. 2008. Physical Chemistry 3rd Edition. Canada: Elsevier Academic Press, 2008. Orme, T. A. An Introduction to the Science of Heat. USA: BiblioLife, 2008.

A New Product Concept

Every parent wants his child to develop good logical thinking skills and learn new things. That is why many parents employ different tutors or coaches for their children. Certainly, it is impossible to underestimate the contribution of books and developing games, but frequently children are getting bored of solving different problems or puzzles and throw such games away.Therefore, a new product concept is a new type of a developing game, which will offer a reward for solving one or another puzzle or problem.It is a new generation of heuristic games, which uses a powerful stimulation – a bonus (it can be some money, a chewing gum, a cinema ticket, and so on), which can not be reached in other way but solving a puzzle.A number of the first bonuses will be placed into the game box by the manufacturer, and after those prizes are won by the child, parents can place new bonuses of their own choice and make different exciting surprises for their kid. In addition, it will be possible to choose a type of bonus stimulation: giving a bonus for every single puzzle solved, or giving some bigger bonus for a number of problems solved, etc.The game will have an option of selecting a level of difficulty, so it can be used for children of different ages, starting from 5 and above. Undoubtedly, this game develops not only logical thinking, but also, persistence, determination, willpower and perseverance. The main advantage of this game is the opportunity to transform the process of learning into some real fun and entertainment, which will also be rewarded in the end.I suppose that this innovative developing game will receive a good demand and find its market easily. This product does not require any sophisticated technological process of manufacturing and can be produced from a polymer material, which is safe for children.It is possible to use different color designs and decoration. At the most modest estimate, it is possible to start manufacturing of such games within 6-7 month, and receive the first profits in 3-4 month after entering the market. This business idea does not require huge financial investments and other resources, besides it has important social implication.Bibliography:Dotson, L. (2000, February 1). Top 7 Ways to Get New Product Ideas. Top 7 Business. Ed. Christopher M. Knight.. Retrieved April 3, 2007, from .

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Technology In Education

According to Albert Einstein’s wording, he never taught pupils; and only tried to provide the conditions in which they can learn. Now-a-days, in this enriching technological era, where a man is encircled with gadgets and techno-era usages in all the aspects of life, it is highly convincible to use the same in education system as well. Though, this advancement is inevitable, still there are many fall-outs that the teachers and the education providers should look forward to. I would like to extend my views regarding the problems that may arise during and due to the usage and overdependence of technology for teaching purposes and precisely in ESL context, especially when the students are unable to adapt the new technique of teaching. Also, I†¦show more content†¦However, it may be seen that both within and across countries, there is extreme unevenness in access to ICT. This may be termed as digital divide, which reflects deeper social and economic inequalities both betw een and within countries. This may be due to lack of proper infrastructure, unavailability of locally created content, and uneven ability to derive benefits from informative activities. To bring a light on my concern more precisely, I would like to quote an example from my own ESL teaching experience, as I was using ICT for teaching certain Grammar exercises to candidates who were preparing to take IELTS test. The class consisted of around 20-25 candidates. Few of them were high school pass-outs and others were graduates. All had similar sort of school background in which smart classes were not yet introduced. Their first language was Punjabi and there was only scarce exposure of usage of English language in day to day conversation. 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Livia Drusilla the 1st Empress of Rome

Livia (58 B.C. - A.D.29) was a long-lived, influential matriarchal figure in the early years of the Roman Principate. She was held up as an example of womanly virtue and simplicity. Her reputation has also been negative: she may have been a murderer and has been described as treacherous, avaricious, and power-hungry. She may have been instrumental in the banishment of Augustus daughter, Julia. Livia was the wife of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, mother of the second, Tiberius, and deified by her grandson, the Emperor Claudius. Livias Family and Marriages Livia Drusilla was the daughter of Marcus Livius Drusus Claudius (note the Claudian, the gens that had produced Appius Claudius the Blind and the colorful Clodius the Beautiful, among others) and Alfidia, daughter of M. Alfidius Lurco, in c. 61 B.C. In his book,  Anthony Barrett says Alfidia appears to have come from Fundi, in Latium, near Campania, and that Marcus Livius Drusus may have married her for her familys money. Livia Drusilla may have been an only child. Her father may also have adopted Marcus Livius Drusus Libo (consul in 15 B.C.). Livia married Tiberius Claudius Nero, her cousin when she was 15 or 16—around the time of the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C. Livia was already the mother of the future emperor, Tiberius Claudius Nero, and pregnant with Nero Claudius Drusus (January 14, 38 B.C. - 9 B.C.) when Octavian, who would be known to posterity as the Emperor Augustus Caesar, found he needed the political connections of Livias family. He arranged for Livia to be divorced and then married her after she gave birth to Drusus, on January 17, 38. Livias sons Drusus and Tiberius lived with their father until he died, in 33 B.C. They then lived with Livia and Augustus. Augustus Adopts Livias Son Octavian became the Emperor Augustus in 27 B.C. He honored Livia as his wife with statues and public displays; however, instead of naming her sons Drusus or Tiberius as his heirs, he acknowledged his grandchildren Gaius and Lucius, sons of Julia, his daughter by his previous marriage to Scribonia. By 4 A.D., Augustus grandsons had both died, so he had to look elsewhere for heirs. He wanted to name Germanicus, son of Livias son Drusus, as his successor, but Germanicus was too young. Since Tiberius was Livias favorite, Augustus eventually turned to him, with provision made for Tiberius to adopt Germanicus as his heir. Augustus died in 14 A.D. According to his will, Livia became a part of his family and was entitled to be called Julia Augusta from then on. Livia and  Her Descendants Julia Augusta exerted a strong influence on her son Tiberius. In A.D. 20, Julia Augusta interceded successfully with Tiberius on behalf of her friend Plancina, who was implicated in the poisoning of Germanicus. In A.D. 22 he minted coins showing his mother as the personification of Justice, Piety, and Health (Salus). Their relationship deteriorated and after the Emperor Tiberius left Rome, he would not even return for her funeral in 29 A.D., so Caligula stepped in. Livias grandson the Emperor Claudius had the Senate deify his grandmother in A.D. 41. Commemorating this event, Claudius minted a coin depicting Livia (Diva Augusta) on a throne holding a scepter. Source Larry Kreitzer  Apotheosis of the Roman Emperor  Larry Kreitzer  The Biblical Archaeologist, 1990Alice A. Deckman  Livia Augusta  The Classical Weekly, 1925.